Application status of electrical stimulation and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in postherpetic neuralgia / 中华皮肤科杂志

For the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia, drugs have always played a major but unsatisfactory role. As auxiliary or alternative therapies for postherpetic neuralgia, non-pharmacological interventions, such as electrical stimulation and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, not only have shown favorable efficacy, but also can decrease adverse reactions to drugs with high safety and patient acceptance, and are benificial for management of patients with postherpetic neuralgia.

Anesthetic considerations in patients with implantable devices and chronic pain surgery / Consideraciones anestésicas en pacientes con dispositivos implantables y para cirugía de dolor crónico

Abstract The use of advanced invasive techniques for the control of chronic pain in patients with multiple comorbidities is becoming increasingly common. Neuromodulation offers a new management alternative involving the infusion of one or more drugs into the epidural or intrathecal space through a fully implantable infusion pump. It also involves spinal stimulation, a minimally invasive technique in which electrodes are positioned in the epidural space and connected to a pulse generator that is implanted subcutaneously and generates pulses designed to suppress the noxious stimulus. This article will describe the anesthetic considerations in cases of implantable drug delivery systems, and spinal and peripheral nerve stimulation devices. Additionally, patients with electrical or drug neuromodulation devices may present to anesthetic practice for surgical indications unrelated to their chronic pain pathology. Hence the importance of being familiar with the basic components of these devices, how they work, what drugs they use and the potential associated complications in the perioperative context, in order to ensure proper management and patient safety.

Resumen Cada vez es más común el empleo de técnicas invasivas avanzadas para el control del dolor crónico en paciente con múltiples comorbilidades. La neuro-modulación ofrece una nueva alternativa de manejo, que involucra la infusión de uno o más medicamentos en el espacio epidural o intratecal a través de una bomba de infusión totalmente implantable. También incluye la estimulación espinal, una técnica mínimamente invasiva que consiste en el posicionamiento de electrodos en el espacio epidural, conectados a un generador de pulso que se implanta subcutáneo y genera pulsos que buscan suprimir el estímulo nocivo. En este artículo se hará la descripción de las consideraciones anestésicas que se deben tener con sistemas de liberación de medicamentos implantables, dispositivos de estimulación medular y de nervio periférico. Adicionalmente, pueden aparecer pacientes portadores de dispositivos de neuromodulación eléctrica o medicamentosa que deben recibir anestesia para someterse a cirugía por razones diferentes a su patología de dolor crónico y deben conocerse sus implicaciones anestésicas. Por lo anterior, es importante conocer y estar familiarizados con los componentes básicos de dichos dispositivos: funcionamiento, medicamentos que utilizan y las potenciales complicaciones que se puedan tener con estos en el contexto perioperatorio, para garantizar un manejo adecuado y la seguridad del paciente.

Spinal cord stimulation in the management of neuropathic pain in cancer patients: case report / Neuroestimulación medular en el manejo del dolor neuropàtico en pacientes con cáncer: reporte de caso

Abstract Introduction Neuropathic pain is present in up to 40 % of all cancer patients. A considerable number of patients fail to achieve enough pain relief with conventional treatment, which is why therapeutic alternatives such as spinal cord stimulation should be considered. Case description and results This is the case of a female patient with chronic neuropathic pain secondary to a partial femoral nerve injury sustained during resection and lymph node dissection surgery with curative intent for a large stage II cell squamous cell carcinoma T2N0M0, localized in the right popliteal fossa. The patient presented with difficult to manage chronic neuropathic pain, despite receiving multiple oral analgesics and nerve blocks. A medullary neurostimulator was implanted that relieved the patient's pain intensity in up to 80%, in addition to improved function and quality of life. Conclusions Spinal cord stimulation is considered an effective neuromodulatory intervention which has shown satisfactory results in the treatment of various types of refractory chronic pain in cancer patients, including neuropathic pain.

Resumen Introducción El dolor neuropático está presente hasta en el 40 % de los pacientes con cáncer. Un número considerable de pacientes no logran un alivio suficiente del dolor con el tratamiento convencional, por lo cual deben considerarse alternativas terapéuticas como la estimulación de la médula espinal. Descripción del caso y resultados Caso de una paciente con dolor neuropático crónico secundario a lesión parcial de nervio femoral durante cirugía de resección y vaciamiento ganglionar con objetivos curativos de carcinoma escamocelular de célula grande T2N0M0 estadio II, localizado en la fosa poplítea derecha, quien cursó con dolor neuropático crónico de difícil manejo a pesar de recibir múltiples analgésicos orales y bloqueos nerviosos. Se implantó un neuroestimulador medular con lo cual se logró un alivio hasta del 80 % en intensidad de dolor de la paciente, además de una mejoría de su funcionalidad y calidad de vida. Conclusiones La estimulación de la médula espinal se considera una intervención neuromoduladora eficaz, que ha demostrado resultados satisfactorios para tratar diversas formas de dolor crónico refractario en los pacientes con cáncer, incluido el dolor neuropático.

Simulation study of spinal cord stimulation evoked compound action potential / 生物医学工程学杂志

Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) for pain is usually implanted as an open loop system using unchanged parameters. To avoid the under and over stimulation caused by lead migration, evoked compound action potentials (ECAP) is used as feedback signal to change the stimulating parameters. This study established a simulation model of ECAP recording to investigate the relationship between ECAP component and dorsal column (DC) fiber recruitment. Finite element model of SCS and multi-compartment model of sensory fiber were coupled to calculate the single fiber action potential (SFAP) caused by single fiber in different spinal cord regions. The synthetized ECAP, superimposition of SFAP, could be considered as an index of DC fiber excitation degree, because the position of crests and amplitude of ECAP corresponds to different fiber diameters. When 10% or less DC fibers were excited, the crests corresponded to fibers with large diameters. When 20% or more DC fibers were excited, ECAP showed a slow conduction crest, which corresponded to fibers with small diameters. The amplitude of this slow conduction crest increased as the stimulating intensity increased while the amplitude of the fast conduction crest almost remained unchanged. Therefore, the simulated ECAP signal in this paper could be used to evaluate the degree of excitation of DC fibers. This SCS-ECAP model may provide theoretical basis for future clinical application of close loop SCS base on ECAP.

Spinal Cord Stimulation as a Treatment Option for Refractory Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy: Case Report

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common oncological diseases. Chemotherapy is usually recommended as an adjuvant treatment for stage-II, -III, and -IV tumors. Approximately 10% of the patients develop neuropathic pain after chemotherapy, and they may remain refractory despite the administration of drugs that are commonly used to treat neuropathic pain. Spinal cord stimulation is a good treatment option for neuropathic pain of the lower limbs, and it should be trialed in patients with chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. We report the case of a patient with oxaliplatin-induced neuropathy and neuropathic pain refractory to oral medication who was successfully treated by spinal cord stimulation.

Successful Treatment with a Combination of Spinal Cord Stimulation and Physical Therapy for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome：A Case Report / The Japanese Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine

Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has been reported to be effective for complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). This is a case report of a patient with CRPS who was successfully treated with a combination of temporary SCS lead placement and physical therapy. A 19-year-old man presented with severe pain for a few months since receiving plaster cast fixation as treatment for an ankle sprain injury at the previous hospital. At his first visit to our pain center, he could not walk without crutches because of severe pain accompanied by symptoms such as allodynia, decreased skin temperature, redness, edema, muscle weakness, and changes in the appearance of the affected area. The symptoms met the diagnostic criteria for CRPS. Temporary SCS lead placement was performed to alleviate the pain and peripheral circulatory disorder, along with physiotherapy to improve the flexibility and restore the normal appearance of the affected limb. The interdisciplinary treatment effectively improved our patient's leg edema and walking ability, which consequently led to pain relief.

Successful Treatment with a Combination of Spinal Cord Stimulation and Physical Therapy for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome：A Case Report / The Japanese Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine

Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has been reported to be effective for complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). This is a case report of a patient with CRPS who was successfully treated with a combination of temporary SCS lead placement and physical therapy. A 19-year-old man presented with severe pain for a few months since receiving plaster cast fixation as treatment for an ankle sprain injury at the previous hospital. At his first visit to our pain center, he could not walk without crutches because of severe pain accompanied by symptoms such as allodynia, decreased skin temperature, redness, edema, muscle weakness, and changes in the appearance of the affected area. The symptoms met the diagnostic criteria for CRPS. Temporary SCS lead placement was performed to alleviate the pain and peripheral circulatory disorder, along with physiotherapy to improve the flexibility and restore the normal appearance of the affected limb. The interdisciplinary treatment effectively improved our patient's leg edema and walking ability, which consequently led to pain relief.

Advance in Spinal Cord Stimulation for Neuropathic Pain (review) / 中国康复理论与实践

Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) can inhibit or alleviate pain by blocking pain signal transmission, interfering with pain pathway, activating opioid pathway, stimulating locus coeruleus system and regulating γ-aminobutyric acid ergic. It is applied in the treatment of neuropathic pain (NP), such as post-herpetic neuralgia, failed back surgery syndrome, phantom limb pain, painful diabetic neuropathy, head and facial neuropathic pain, pudendal neuralgia, etc.

Changes of RAAS in atrial fibrillation model dogs after spinal cord stimulation and its inhibitory effect on atrial fibrillation / 吉林大学学报(医学版)

Objective: To investigate the changes of the serum indexes of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and atrial fibrillation burden in the atrial fibrillation model dogs underwent spinal cord stimulation (SCS) therapy, and to illuminate the therapeutic effect of SCS on the atrial fibrillation and its effect on RAAS Methods: A total of 24 healthy adult dogs were chosen The pacemakers and miniaturized insertable cardiac monitors were implanted into 16 dogs to establish the atrial fibrillation models by rapid right atrial pacing. Then 16 model dogs were divided into atrial fibrillation (AF) group and SCS group (n=8). The spinal cord stimulators were implanted into the dogs in SCS group to release stimulation for 12 weeks. And the rest dogs were regareded as blank control group (n=8). The atrial fibrillation burden of dogs in AF group and SCS group was monitored by miniaturized insertable cardiac monitors; the left and right atrial areas of dogs in three groups were measured by echocardiography; the serum levels of renin, angiotensin E (Ang E), aldosterone (ALD), angiotensin E type 1 receptor (AT1R), angiotensin E type 2 receptor (AT2R) and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) of the dogs in three groups were detected by ELISA method. Results: Compared with AF group, the atrial fibrillation burden of the dogs in SCS group was decresed obviously (P0. 05); the left and right atrial areas of the dogs in SCS group were larger than those in blank control group (P<0. 05). The serum ACE2 level of dogs in AF group was lower than that in blank control group (P<0. 05) and the levels of serum renin, Ang E, ALD, AT1R and AT2R of the dogs in AF group were all higher than those in blank control group (P<0. 05); the serum ACE2 level of the dogs in SCS group was higher than that in AF group (P<0. 05) and the levels of serum renin, Ang E, ALD, AT1R, and AT2R of the dogs in SCS group were all lower than those in AF group (P<0. 05). Compared with before modeling, the serum ACE2 level of dogs in AF group after modeling was decresed (P<0. 05), and the levels of serum renin, Ang E, ALD, AT1R, and AT2R were incresed (P<0. 05); compared with before treatment, the serum ACE2 level of the dogs in SCS group after treatment was incresed (P<0. 05), and the levels of serum renin, Ang E, ALD, AT1R, and AT2R were decresed (P<0.05). Conclusion: Atrial fibrillation can activate the RAAS. SCS therapy can suppress the atrial fibrillation and it can suppress RAAS activated by atrial fibrillation, so SCS can restraint the deterioration of atrial fibrillation. The serum RAAS indexes are so important observation indexes to evaluate the outcome of SCS in the treatment of atrial fibrillation.

Spinal Cord Stimulation for Pain Treatment After Spinal Cord Injury / 神经科学通报·英文版

In addition to restoration of bladder, bowel, and motor functions, alleviating the accompanying debilitating pain is equally important for improving the quality of life of patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). Currently, however, the treatment of chronic pain after SCI remains a largely unmet need. Electrical spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has been used to manage a variety of chronic pain conditions that are refractory to pharmacotherapy. Yet, its efficacy, benefit profiles, and mechanisms of action in SCI pain remain elusive, due to limited research, methodological weaknesses in previous clinical studies, and a lack of mechanistic exploration of SCS for SCI pain control. We aim to review recent studies and outline the therapeutic potential of different SCS paradigms for traumatic SCI pain. We begin with an overview of its manifestations, classification, potential underlying etiology, and current challenges for its treatment. The clinical evidence for using SCS in SCI pain is then reviewed. Finally, future perspectives of pre-clinical research and clinical study of SCS for SCI pain treatment are discussed.

Successful removal of permanent spinal cord stimulators in patients with complex regional pain syndrome after complete relief of pain

BACKGROUND: It is uncommon for patients who have received a permanent implant to remove the spinal cord stimulator (SCS) after discontinuation of medication in complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) due to their completely painless state. This study evaluated CRPS patients who successfully removed their SCSs. METHODS: This 10-year retrospective study was performed on patients who had received the permanent implantation of an SCS and had removed it 6 months after discontinuation of stimulation, while halting all medications for neuropathic pain. Age, sex, duration of implantation, site and type of CRPS, and their return to work were compared between the removal and non-removal groups. RESULTS: Five (12.5%, M/F = 4/1) of 40 patients (M/F = 33/7) successfully removed the permanent implant. The mean age was younger in the removal group (27.2 ± 6.4 vs. 43.5 ± 10.7 years, P < 0.01). The mean duration of implantation in the removal group was 34.4 ± 18.2 months. Two of 15 patients (13.3%) and 3 of 25 patients (12%) who had upper and lower extremity pain, respectively, had removed the implant. The implants could be removed in 5 of 27 patients (18.5%) with CRPS type 1 (P < 0.01). All 5 patients (100%) who removed their SCS returned to work, while only 5 of 35 (14.3%) in the non-removal group did (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Even though this study had limited data, younger patients with CRPS type 1 could remove their SCSs within a 5-year period and return to work with complete pain relief.

Spinal cord stimulation for fail back surgery syndrome: literature review and clinical study / Estimulación de la médula espinal para el síndrome de cirugía de espalda fallida: revisión de la literatura y estudio clínico / Estimulação da medula espinhal para síndrome de cirurgia de retorno: revisão da literatura e estudo clínico

ABSTRACT Objective: Fail back surgery syndrome (FBSS) is a common cause of pain following spine surgery, and is associated with persistent or recurrent pain despite anatomically correct intervention. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is regarded as one of the most effective methods of treatment for fail back surgery syndrome. Methods: We studied 34 patients who underwent test stimulation and chronic SCS for FBSS. Results: Six months postoperatively, mean improvement by the visual analog scale (VAS) of average and maximum daily pain, and the painDETECT score, were 54.4%, 50.7% and 57.3%, respectively. This meets the criteria for effectiveness of the method, according to the literature. Most of patients reported significant improvements in life quality and less need for analgesics. Complications were seen in nine patients (26.4%) and included: intraoperative dura injury (one patient, 2.9%), wound infection (one patient, 2.9%), and electrode displacement (seven patients, 20.5%). No cases of postoperative neurological deterioration were seen. Conclusions: SCS is safe and effective for the treatment of neuropathic pain caused by FBSS. Level of Evidence IV; Case series.

RESUMO Objetivos: A síndrome da cirurgia de falência reversa (SAF) é uma causa comum de dor após cirurgia de coluna e associada a dor persistente ou recorrente, apesar da intervenção anatomicamente correta. Estimulação da medula espinhal (SCS) é considerado como um dos métodos mais eficazes de tratamento para a síndrome de cirurgia de retorno. Métodos: Foram estudados 34 pacientes submetidos a estimulação de teste e SCS crônica para FBSS. Resultados: 6 meses de pós-operatório melhora a média de dor diária média e máxima diária na escala análoga visual (VAS), bem como a pontuação do PainDetect foram de 54,4%, 50,7% e 57,3%, respectivamente. Ele atende aos critérios de eficácia do método, de acordo com a literatura. A maioria dos pacientes relatou melhora significativa da qualidade de vida e menor necessidade de analgésicos. As complicações foram observadas em nove pacientes (26,4%) e incluíram: lesão da dura-máter intraoperatória (um paciente, 2,9%), infecção da ferida (um paciente, 2,9%), deslocamento do eletrodo (sete pacientes, 20,5%). Não houve casos de deterioração neurológica no pós-operatório. Conclusões: A SCS é segura e eficaz para o tratamento da dor neuropática causada pela FBSS. Nível de Evidência IV; Séries de casos.

RESUMEN Objetivo: El síndrome de cirugía de espalda fallida (FBSS) es una razón común para el dolor después de la cirugía de la columna vertebral y se asocia con dolor persistente o recurrente a pesar de la intervención anatómicamente correcta. La estimulación de la médula espinal (SCS) se considera uno de los métodos de tratamiento más eficaces para el síndrome de cirugía de espalda fallida. Métodos: Se estudiaron 34 pacientes que se sometieron a estimulación de prueba y SCS crónica para FBSS. Resultados: A los seis meses la mejora promedio postoperatoria por la escala visual análoga (EVA) del dolor diario promedio y máximo diario, así como el puntaje de painDETECT fueron 54,4%, 50,7% y 57,3%, respectivamente. Esto cumple con los criterios de efectividad del método, según la literatura. La mayoría de los pacientes informaron una mejoría significativa de la calidad de vida y una menor necesidad de analgésicos. Las complicaciones se observaron en nueve pacientes (26,4%) e incluyeron: lesión duramadre intraoperatoria (uno paciente, 2,9%), infección de la herida (uno paciente, 2,9%), desplazamiento del electrodo (siete pacientes, 20,5%). No se observaron casos de deterioro neurológico postoperatorio. Conclusiones: SCS es seguro y efectivo para el tratamiento del dolor neuropático causado por FBSS. Nivel de Evidencia IV; Series de casos.

Current strategy for chronic pain after spinal surgery

Failed back surgery syndrome was recently renamed, as chronic pain after spinal surgery (CPSS) by international classification of disease-11. CPSS is a challenging clinical condition. It has a variety of causes associated with preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative periods. Also, psychosocial factors should be considered. Diagnostic tools must be used differently, for each patient. Imaging and interventional nerve block for diagnosis, should be used properly. Strategy of management requires a multidisciplinary approach. The effect of conservative management (medication, interventional management) and invasive procedure (spinal cord stimulator, intrathecal drug delivery system) has been studied by many researchers. However, an evidence-based guide on management of CPSS, remains necessary, and further research is needed. This review focuses on understanding and clinical approaches for CPSS.

Neuromonitoring for Spinal Cord Stimulation Lead Placement Under General Anesthesia

Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is a common therapeutic technique for treating medically refractory neuropathic back and other limb pain syndromes. SCS has historically been performed using a sedative anesthetic technique where the patient is awakened at various times during a surgical procedure to evaluate the location of the stimulator lead. This technique has potential complications, and thus other methods that allow the use of a general anesthetic have been developed. There are two primary methods for placing leads under general anesthesia, based on 1) compound muscle action potentials and 2) collisions between somatosensory evoked potentials. Both techniques are discussed, and the literature on SCS lead placement under general anesthesia using intraoperative neurophysiological mapping is comprehensively reviewed.

Intrathecal baclofen pump implantation for complex regional pain syndrome in a patient with a spinal cord stimulator: consideration about optimal location of intrathecal catheter tip: A case report

Intrathecal baclofen (ITB) pump implantation can be used to control dystonia and severe pain associated with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) with or without a spinal cord stimulator (SCS). A 45-year-old female patient had gotten an SCS to control the pain of CRPS. However, she suffered from chronic intractable pain in her left ankle and foot despite paresthesia in the entire painful area because the effectiveness of the SCS gradually diminished over time. In a trial of intrathecal drug administration, baclofen was superior to morphine for pain relief, had fewer side effects, and was superior in terms of patient satisfaction. To achieve the greatest degree of pain relief from the ITB pump, the tip of the intrathecal catheter was carefully placed in relation to the SCS. Over a one-year follow-up period, the patient experienced mild pain without any adverse effects.

Current Status of Neuromodulatory Therapies for Disorders of Consciousness / 神经科学通报·英文版

Treatment for disorders of consciousness (DOCs) is still a Gordian knot. Evidence-based guidelines on the treatment of DOC patients are not currently available, while neuromodulation techniques are seen as a potential treatment. Multiple neuromodulation therapies have been applied. This article reviews the most relevant studies in the literature in order to describe a clear picture of the current state of neuromodulation therapies that could be used to treat DOC patients. Both invasive and non-invasive brain stimulation is discussed. Significant behavioral improvements in prolonged DOCs under neuromodulation therapies are rare. The efficacy of various such therapies remains a matter of debate. Further clinical investigations of existing techniques in larger samples properly controlling for spontaneous recovery are needed, and new approaches are awaited.

Spinal Cord Stimulation Frequency Influences the Hemodynamic Response in Patients with Disorders of Consciousness / 神经科学通报·英文版

Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is a promising technique for treating disorders of consciousness (DOCs). However, differences in the spatio-temporal responsiveness of the brain under varied SCS parameters remain unclear. In this pilot study, functional near-infrared spectroscopy was used to measure the hemodynamic responses of 10 DOC patients to different SCS frequencies (5 Hz, 10 Hz, 50 Hz, 70 Hz, and 100 Hz). In the prefrontal cortex, a key area in consciousness circuits, we found significantly increased hemodynamic responses at 70 Hz and 100 Hz, and significantly different hemodynamic responses between 50 Hz and 70 Hz/100 Hz. In addition, the functional connectivity between prefrontal and occipital areas was significantly improved with SCS at 70 Hz. These results demonstrated that SCS modulates the hemodynamic responses and long-range connectivity in a frequency-specific manner (with 70 Hz apparently better), perhaps by improving the cerebral blood volume and information transmission through the reticular formation-thalamus-cortex pathway.

Failed Back Surgery Syndrome: A Review Article

Postsurgical spine syndrome is becoming an increasingly common challenge for clinicians who deal with spinal disorders owing to the expanding indications for spinal surgery and the aging world population. A multidisciplinary approach is most appropriate for patients who are unlikely to benefit from further formal surgical intervention. Anticonvulsant medications are effective in managing neuropathic pain after surgery, whereas opioids are rarely beneficial. Neuromodulation via a surgically implanted dorsal column neurostimulator is gaining popularity owing to its substantial superiority over conventional medical management and/or further surgical intervention. However, considering that prevention is always better than cure, spinal surgeons need to be well aware of the many poor prognostic indicators for spinal surgery, particularly psychosocial overlay.

C1-C4 Dorsal Column Stimulation for Refractory Occipital Neuralgia Treatment. Case Report

Introduction Refractory occipital neuralgia is a difficult medical condition, especially when the patient has already been submitted to occipital nerve neurectomy and radiofrequency rhizotomy. There is no case report of spinal cord stimulation in the C1- C4 cervical segments for this condition. Objective To evaluate if C1-C4 dorsal spinal cord stimulation is effective in a patient with refractory occipital neuralgia who was already submitted to neurectomy and rhizotomy. Methods After obtaining the approval from the Ethics Committee of one of our institutions, a unilateral laminectomy was performed between C3 and C4, and a neurostimulator lead was conducted until the posterior portion of the C1 arc was in full view. Then we performed an intraoperative test to evaluate the correspondence between pain location and stimulation-induced paresthesias. We could not put the subcutaneous lead for such condition because of the scar tissue of the area and the previous neurectomy. Results After one year of follow up, we noticed a dramatic improvement in pain control, as well as medication withdrawal. The score of the visual analogue scale was 9 before the surgery, and it dropped to 2 after 1 year of follow-up. Conclusion Spinal cord stimulation between the C1 and C4 cervical segments can be an option for selected cases of refractory occipital neuralgia, including those patients who have already been submitted to neurectomy or rhizotomy.

Neuralgia occipital refratária é uma condição médica difícil, especialmente em pacientes submetidos previamente a neurectomia nos nervos occipitais e rizotomia por radiofrequência. Não há na literatura relato de estimulação da medula espinhal entre os níveis C1 e C4 para essa condição. Objetivos Avaliar se a estimulação da coluna dorsal da medula nos níveis C1 a C4 é eficaz no controle da dor em paciente com neuralgia occipital refratária já submetido a neurectomia e rizotomia. Métodos Após aprovação do Conselho de Ética de uma de nossas instituições, foi realizada laminectomia unilateral de C3 e C4, com posterior introdução do conjunto de eletrodos em placa, que foi posicionado até que a porção anterior do arco de C1 estivesse sob visão direta. Posteriormente, foi realizado um teste intraoperatório para avaliar a correspondência entre a área dolorosa e a parestesia induzida pela estimulação. Não possível optar pelo uso de eletrodo subcutâneo devido ao extenso tecido cicatricial secundário às cirurgias prévias. Resultados Melhora significativa da dor ocorreu ao longo de um ano de acompanhamento, com redução progressiva da dose da medicação. O valor da escala visual analógica no pré-operatório era 9, e após 1 ano de acompanhamento, reduziu para 2. Conclusão Estimulação da coluna dorsal da medula espinhal entre os seguimentos C1 e C4 pode, em casos selecionados, ser uma opção terapêutica na neuralgia occipital refratária, incluindo pacientes que já foram submetidos a neurectomia e rizotomia.

Estimulación de la médula espinal: una nueva estrategia terapéutica para restaurar la función motora / Spinal cord stimulation: a new therapeutic strategy to restore motor function

La estimulación de la Médula Espinal (EME) es una técnica de neuromodulación que ha mostrado ser efectiva en el manejo de los trastornos motores propios de enfermedades tan devastadoras como la Enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) y las lesiones de la médula espinal. Considerando que ambas patologías cuentan con opciones terapéuticas limitadas, la EME se podría posicionar como una técnica prometedora. Los mecanismos por los cuales operaría la estimulación difieren en ambos casos, generando cambios en la circuitería espinal local en el caso de las lesiones medulares, y cambios supraespinales, en el caso de la EP. En esta revisión se busca analizar los efectos de la EME en ambas enfermedades, tanto en modelos animales como en pacientes, hacer una breve descripción de los mecanismos y aludir a los desafíos futuros propuestos para ambos casos. (AU)

Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is a neurophysiological technique that has shown to be effective in modulating motor dysfunction associated with devastating diseases such as: Parkinson's disease (PD) and spinal cord injuries. Considering that both pathologies have limited treatment options, SCS could be considered as a potential useful technique. The mechanism by which stimulation operates differs in both cases, generating changes in local circuits in the case of spinal cord injuries and supraspinal changes in PD. This review aims to analyze the effects of EES on both diseases, focusing in the results observed in animal models and patients, give a brief description of the mechanisms behind and postulate the future challenges proposed for SCS in both pathologies.(AU)